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Our daily activities such as farming, transportation, industrial production, and waste disposal directly affect the environment. Excessive use of natural resources and pollution harm air, water, and land.

At the same time, we depend on the environment for clean air, water, food, fuel, and other natural resources. Therefore, humans and the environment are closely connected and influence each other.

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A school environment has two main components:

• Physical Environment: Includes classrooms, buildings, playgrounds, laboratories, library, and gardens.
• Socio-cultural Environment: Includes discipline, teaching methods, behaviour of teachers and students, cooperation, respect, and school culture.

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Modern high-input agriculture has several harmful effects:

• Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
• Reduction in soil fertility.
• Pollution of land and water.
• Harm to useful soil microorganisms.
• Disturbance of ecological balance.

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Energy resources are sources that produce heat, electricity, or power to perform different activities.

Two fundamental sources of energy are:

• Solar energy from the Sun.
• Gravitational energy generated by the Earth and the Moon.

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Minerals are called non-renewable resources because they take thousands or even millions of years to form naturally. Once extracted and used, they cannot be replaced within a human lifetime.

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Land pollution is the contamination of land by harmful substances that reduce soil quality and affect living organisms.

Common causes are:

• Improper disposal of plastic waste.
• Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.
• Industrial waste.
• Dumping of household garbage.

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Causes:

• Industrial waste.
• Sewage discharge.
• Plastic waste.
• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Effects:

• Death of aquatic plants and animals.
• Spread of water-borne diseases.
• Shortage of clean drinking water.
• Damage to aquatic ecosystems.

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Air pollution is the contamination of air by harmful gases, smoke, and dust particles.

Major sources include:

• Vehicle exhaust.
• Industrial emissions.
• Burning of fossil fuels.
• Forest fires and burning of waste.

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The ozone layer acts as a protective shield that blocks harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun.

It is damaged by harmful chemicals such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosol sprays. Damage to the ozone layer increases the risk of skin diseases, eye problems, and environmental damage.

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Conservation of natural resources means the proper and careful use of natural resources to prevent their unnecessary exploitation, destruction, or depletion. It ensures that resources remain available for future generations.

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Growing vegetation helps conserve water because plant roots hold the soil together, reduce surface runoff, and allow rainwater to seep into the ground. This increases groundwater levels and prevents soil erosion.

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Three simple ways to conserve electricity are:

• Switch off lights, fans, and electrical appliances when not in use.
• Use LED bulbs and other energy-efficient appliances.
• Keep bulbs and tube lights clean to improve lighting efficiency.

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Energy can be saved during cooking by:

• Using a pressure cooker.
• Keeping utensils covered with lids while cooking.
• Cooking the required quantity of food only.
• Using clean and efficient cooking fuels whenever possible.

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• Reduce: Use fewer resources and avoid unnecessary consumption.
• Reuse: Use items again instead of throwing them away.
• Recycle: Convert waste materials into new useful products.

Following the 3Rs helps reduce pollution and conserve natural resources.

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A student can reuse old textbooks, notebooks, school bags, or uniforms by giving them to younger students or siblings. This reduces waste and saves valuable resources.

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Carpooling means several people travel together in one vehicle instead of using separate vehicles. It reduces fuel consumption, lowers air pollution, decreases traffic congestion, and helps conserve petroleum resources.

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Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It promotes economic growth while protecting the environment.

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A green economy is an economy that uses natural resources efficiently, produces less pollution, promotes environmental protection, and improves the quality of life while supporting sustainable development.

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Swachh Cooperative is a waste management cooperative in Pune that is owned and managed by waste pickers. It provides door-to-door waste collection services and helps in proper waste segregation and recycling.

This initiative protects the environment while providing employment, dignity, and better livelihoods to waste pickers.

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The Modern DEEP Chulha is an improved cooking stove that burns biomass more efficiently.

Its benefits include:

• Reduces wood consumption by nearly 50%.
• Reduces smoke emission by about 80%.
• Improves indoor air quality.
• Protects forests by reducing the need for firewood.
• Improves the health of people, especially women and children.

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The biotoilet developed by the Green Solution Foundation uses a bio-digester tank containing aerobic bacteria.

These bacteria break down human waste into environmentally safe water. The treated water can be reused for flushing toilets or irrigation, reducing pollution and saving water.

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Biogas is a renewable fuel produced by the decomposition of plant waste, animal waste, and other organic materials in the absence of oxygen.

It mainly contains methane gas, which burns easily and can be used for cooking, heating, and generating electricity. Biogas reduces pollution and provides a clean source of energy.

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To support a green economy, people should have the following knowledge and skills:

• Awareness of environmental conservation.
• Efficient use of natural resources.
• Ability to reduce pollution and manage waste.
• Knowledge of renewable energy technologies.
• Skills to design and use eco-friendly products and technologies.
• Understanding of sustainable development practices.